Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) serve as the backbone of modern electronic devices,
facilitating the interconnection of various components to enable the functionality of devices
ranging from smartphones to industrial machinery. To ensure the optimal performance, reliability,
and safety of electronic products, it is crucial to identify and rectify defects that may arise during the
PCB manufacturing process. PCB defect detection methods play a pivotal role in guaranteeing
the quality of these essential components.